ID-307
Hydrologic processes: Introduction,
Hydrologic cycle and its components,
importance of hydrology, climatic
factors, estimation of precipitable
water, snow cover and snow fall, stream
flow, water stage, discharge, interpretation
of stream flow data evaporation and
transpiration, Evapotranspiration
and its estimate using different methods.
Hydrologic Analysis: Hydrograph and
its characteristics, Run off and its
components, recessions, hydrograph
separation, rainfall-runoff relations,
phenomenon of runoff estimating the
volume of storm runoff, estimating
snow melt runoff, seasonal and annual
runoff relations, hydrograph of runoff
unit hydrograph its derivation and
application, overland flow.
Hydrologic routing: Introduction,
River routing level pool routing,
linear reservoir model, Muskingam
method.
Practical
• Demonstration of weather recording
instruments and practice in taking
actual data from weather stations
including a visit to weather station.
• Measuring runoff in the field by
different techniques.
• Development of unit hydrograph and
its use.
• Frequency analysis of rainfall data.
• Measuring infiltration rate in the
field.
Books
Recommended
1. Awan, N.M. 1981. Surface Water
Hydrology, National Book Foundation,
Islamabad.
2. Linsely, R.K., Kohler, J.L.H. Paulhyus.
1996. Hydrology for Engineers, SI.
Edition, McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd.
3. Ward, R.C., Robinson, M. 1990.
Principles of Hydrology, McGraw Hill
Book Co., London.
4. Wilson, E. M. 1990. Engineering
Hydrology, Macmillan Civil engineering
hydraulics. N.Y.
ID-411
Introduction: Definition and objectives
of soil mechanics, importance of soil
mechanics in irrigation and drainage.
Physical soil properties: Texture,
structure, soil phases, porosity,
void ratio, water content, degree
of saturation, soil density, unit
weight, specific gravity and their
determination. Temperature correction
factor, Integral or cumulative curves,
volumetric and gravimetric relationships.
Functional relationship between various
soil properties.
Soil consistency: Definition, plasticity,
liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage
limit, states of consistency, plasticity
ratio, and degree of shrinkage, relationship
between shrinkage limit, shrinkage
ratio and specific gravity.
Soil compaction: Definition and purpose
of compaction. Compaction test of
soil. Moisture content. Dry density
relationship, saturation line. Derivation
of dry density equations and their
application. Needle penetration test.
Relative dry density.
Consolidation: Definition of terms,
importance of consolidation in structures
and settlement, causes of settlement
and effects of settlement on structures.
Methods of reducing settlement, Consolidometer,
consolidation test, stress-strain
relation in consolidation process.
Shear Strength of Soil: Definition,
influencing factors on shear strength
of soil, types of shear test, shear
strength of sand and clay, tri-axial
compression -mohr's circle, use of
tri-axial test.
Practical
• Soil moisture contents by different
methods.
• Determination of bulk density by
sand replacement and sampling tube.
• Determination of specific gravity
of soil.
• Determination of liquid limit, plastic
limit, and plasticity index and shrinkage
limit of soil.
• Grain size analysis of given soil
sample by Sieve Analysis, hydrometer
and pipette methods.
• Modified proctor compaction test.
Books
Recommended
1. Jumikis, A.R. 1994. Soil Mechanics,
D. Van Nostrand Company Inc.,Princeton,
New Jersey.
2. Terzaghi, K. 1997. Soil Mechanics
in Engineering Practice. John Wiley
& Sons, New York.
3. Smith, G.N. 1990. Elements of Soil
Mechanics. BSP Professional Books,
Oxford.
ID-402
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics: Definition
and branches of fluid mechanics, distinction
between solid and fluids.
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity,
surface tension, specific weight,
specific gravity, etc., bulk modules
of elasticity, compressibility of
fluids.
Fluid statics: Pressure variations
in a fluid, pressure measuring devices,
Gauges and manometers, buoyancy and
stability of submerged and floating
bodies, forces on plane and curved
surfaces, center of pressure.
Fluid kinematics: Types of flow, dimensions
of flow, streamlines, path lines,
flow patterns for different references,
continuity equation, source flow,
sink flow, flow nets, uses and limitations
of flow net.
Energy Consideration in Steady flow:
General equations of steady flow,
heads, Bernoulli's equation and its
Practical applications, hydraulic
and energy grade lines, Power consideration
in fluid flow, cavitations, head losses,
solution of flow problems.
Fluid Measurements: Orifices, weirs,
notches and venture meter, pitot tube,
coefficient of contraction, velocity
and discharge, derivation of their
discharge formulae and their application.
Practical
• Viscosity of a given fluid by viscometer
• Metacenter and center of buoyancy.
• Drag on a small sphere.
• Bernoulli's Theorem.
• Flow through venturimeter.
• Velocity with pitot tube.
• Flow through a pipe orifice meter
• Co-efficient of discharge for a
rectangular and triangular weir.
Books
Recommended
1. Franzini, J.B. and Finnemore, E.J.
2003. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Application. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
Singapore.
2. Jain, A.K. 1990. Fluid Mechanics:
A Text Book for Engineering Students.
Khana Publishers, New Delhi, India.
3. Streeter, V.L. 1988. Fluid Mechanics.
McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
4. Daughterty, R.I., J.B., Franzini,
and E.J. Finnemore. 1995. Fluid Mechanics
with Engineering Application, McGraw
Hill Book Co. Singapore.
ID-507
Introduction: Definition, types and
uses of hydraulic machinery.
Steady incompressible flow in pressure
conduits: Laminar and turbulent flow
in circular pipes, major and minor
energy losses in pipes, branching
pipes, pipes in series, pipes in parallel
and pipe network analysis.
Similitude and dimensional analysis:
Geometric, kinematic, and dynamic
similarity, dimensionless numbers
like Reynolds number, Froude number
etc., and their application, application
of similitude and dimensional analysis
in hydraulic model studies.
Similarity laws and factors for turbo-machines:
Efficiency, similarities, restriction
on use of similarity laws, peripheral-velocity
factor, specific speed.
Hydraulic turbines: Definition, types
of turbines, suitability of turbines,
components of turbines, inlet and
outlet velocity diagrams, guide blade
angle, inlet and outlet vane angles
WHP and BHP of turbine, hydraulic,
mechanical and overall efficiency
of turbines, factors influencing the
performance of turbines.
Practical
• Impact of jet on stationary flat
and curved vanes.
• Measurement of various losses through
pipes and pipe fittings.
• Verification of Reynolds number.
• Components and operational characteristics
of various pumps.
Books
Recommended
1. Clot Industries 1979. Hydraulic
Handbook, 3601 Fairbank Avenue, Kanasa
City, Kansas 661100, USA.
2. Franzini, J.B. and Finnemore, E.J.
2003. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Application. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
Singapore.
3. Jain, A.K. 1990. Fluid Mechanics:
A Text Book for Engineering Students.
Khana Publishers, New Delhi, India.
4. Streeter, V.L. 1988. Fluid Mechanics.
McGraw Hill Inc., New York.
5. Franzini, J.B. and Finnemore, E.J.
2003. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications. McGraw Hill Book Co.
Singapore.
ID-506
Basic concepts of Fluid Flow: Types,
states and regimes of flow, channel
types, channel geometry, measurement
of velocity in channel, velocity distribution
in channel and its coefficients, pressure
distribution in channel, effect of
slope on pressure distribution.
Energy and Momentum Principle: Basic
equation, specific energy, critical
depth, alternate depths, E-Y relationship,
criteria for a critical state of flow,
computation of critical flow, flow
control, application of flow control
in rectangular channel, momentum in
open channel flow, specific momentum,
hydraulic jump, conjugate depth, M-Y
relationship.:
Uniform Flow: Establishment of uniform
flow, the Chezy's and Manning's equations,
resistance coefficient estimation,
normal depth and velocity, normal
and critical slopes.
Rapidly Varied Flow: Characteristics
of rapidly varied flow. Hydraulic
jump, type and characteristics of
the hydraulic jump.
Practical
• Determination of discharge by flumes.
• Energy consideration in open channel
flow: Y-Q relationship.
• Confirmation of theory relating
to the flow of water over a hump:
E-Y relationship.
• Determination of Chezy c and Manning's
'n' for a rectangular glass channel.
• Plotting flow profile of an open
channel flow.
• Laboratory study of hydraulic jump
and alternate depth.
Books
Recommended
1. French. R.H. 1996. Open Channel
Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill International
Book Company
2. Henderson, F.M. 1990. Open Channel
Flow. Macmillian Publishing Co., Inc.
3. Chow, V.T. 1973. Open Channel Hydraulics.
Mc. Graw-Hill International Book Company.
4. Chadwick, A., Mortelt, 1993. Hydraulics
in Civil and Environmental Engineering
E & FN Spon, London.
ID-605
Introduction: Definition of irrigation,
need for irrigation, sources of irrigation
water, (surface water, groundwater
and rainfall), utilization of water
for agricultural purposes. Indus Basin
Irrigation System: Components, operation
and maintenance of Indus basin irrigation
system, conveyance and distribution
of irrigation water.
Irrigation Structures: Dams, barrages,
headworks, diversion structures, types
and functions of outlets, desirable
features/characteristics of outlets,
design and construction of outlets,
water measurement structures, energy
dissipater, transition and erosion
protection.
Canal Design and Maintenance: Layout
of canals, design of canals, Kennedy's
and Lacy's theories, silt factor and
friction factors, canal lining and
its advantages, maintenance of canals.
Water Losses: Water losses in canals
and watercourses, measurement of water
losses and methods to alleviate water
losses.
Sediments Transport: Types of sediments
in irrigation water, sampling and
measurements of sediments, sampling
equipment, effect of sediments on
flow regimes and field topography,
methods to check sedimentation. Discharge
Gauging: Methods of measuring flow
in canals, depth-discharge relationships,
water measuring devices and structures.
Flood Protection: Importance of floods
in irrigation system operation, types
of floods, damages caused by floods,
methods of flood control and cost
of flood protection.
Practical
• Study of characteristics of various
irrigation structures in Punjab.
• Design and layout of a canal for
a given command.
• A field visit to canal irrigation
system and structures.
• Design of outlets.
• Computer aided design of a watercourse
for a command area.
• Sampling and measurement of sediments
in canal water.
Books
Recommended
1. Siddiqui, I. H. 2003. Irrigation
and Drainage Engineering. Royal Book
Company, BG-Rex Centre Fatima Jinnah
Road, Karachi.
2. Iqbal Ali. 2001. Irrigation Engineering,
Oxford University Press, London.
3. Aisenbrey, A.J., Hayes, R.B., Warren,
H.J., and Young, R.B., 1983. Design
of small canal structures, USBR, Denver
Colorado, USA.
4. Ahmad, N. and Chaudhry, G.R. 1988.
Irrigated Agriculture of Pakistan,
Shahzad Nazir Publisher, Gulberg-III,
Lahore.
5. Ahmad, N. 1993. Water Resources
of Pakistan, Shahzad Nazir Publisher,
Gulberg-III, Lahore.
6. Arora, R.K. Irrigation and Water
Power Engineering.
ID-609
Basic concepts: Concepts of groundwater
and soil, types of subsurface water,
water potential, aquifer, aquiclude,
soil water movement and groundwater
movement, aquifer functions, porosity,
storage coefficient, hydraulic conductivity,
transmissivity, hydrologic cycle.
Well hydraulics: Steady state flow
in confined and aquifers, steady flow
in unconfined aquifer with uniform
recharge, unsteady flow in unconfined
aquifer, steady state aquifer test,
multiple well system. Groundwater
extraction techniques.
Description of Tubewells: Components
of a tubewell, factors affecting selection
of site, well drilling methods; cable
tool method, direct rotary method,
inverse rotary method and their respective
merits and demerits, well design;
depth of well, well casing, well screen,
filter pack. Well development methods,
typical drilling problems, well losses,
well efficiency, well logs, gravel
packing and well maintenance. Skimming
wells.
Pumps: Pump components, pump classification;
centrifugal, jet, positive displacement,
turbine pumps, submersible pumps,
propeller and mixed flow pumps and
air lift pumps. pump problems and
their remedies. Power requirement
of pump. Characteristic of pump, pump
laws, pump testing, maintenance of
pumps.
Practical
• Study of components and operational
characteristics of various pumps.
• Use of characteristic curves of
different pumps.
• Design of a pumping well using field
data.
• Design of gravel packing for specific
conditions.
• Determination of pump efficiency
• Study of various components of tubewell
• Discharge measurement of a tubewell
Books
Recommended
1. Ahmad, N. 1995. Tubewell Theory
and Practices, Shahzad Nazir Publisher,
Gulberg-III, Lahore.
2. Colt Industries 1979. Hydraulic
Handbook, 3601 Fairbank Avenue, Kanasa
City, Kansas 661100, USA.
3. Driscoll, F.G. 1987. Groundwater
and Wells, Johnson Division, St. Paul,
Minnesota, 55112, USA.
ID-604
Drainage Problems: Drainage systems
in Pakistan and their extent. Current
drainage practices; benefits of drainage;
occurrence of water in the soil, source
of excess water, pressures in the
soil water, water table, ground water
flow (Darcy"s Law), saturated
flow theory, flow through stratified
soils, hydraulic conductivity and
its measurement, drainable pore volume,
salinity and water movement; leaching
requirements; drainage requirements.
Salt affected soils, their classification.
Diagnoses and improvement of soil
affected soils. Planning and design
of drainage system. Field investigation,
stages of project planning, design
of pipe drainage system.
Surface Drainage: Design of open ditches;
methods of construction; different
ditch systems; maintenance of open
drains. Interceptor drains and their
design.
Sub-Surface drainage: Tile drains,
mole drains; depth and spacing. Design
criteria (steady and non steady state);
drainage coefficient; length and size
of the tile drains. Outlets for tile
drains. Size and length of perorated
pipes (pvc) for subsurface drains.
Vertical Drainage: Design and material.
sump and pumps, experience of vertical
drainage in Pakistan.
Practicals
• Verification of Darcy's Law by laboratory
methods
• Measurement of seepage losses.
• Determination of water table,
• Saturated hydraulic conductivity
by piezometers,
• Auger hole, planning of a subsurface
drainage system and outlet with design
of a sump;
• Visit of Drainage Projects.
• Computation of leaching requirement
and drainage coefficient of a drainage
basin.
Books
Recommended
1. Siddiqui, I. H. 2003. Irrigation
and Drainage Engineering. Royal Book
Company, BG-Rex Centre Fatima Jinnah
Road, Karachi.
2. ILRI (1979-80) Drainage Principles
and Applications. Publication 16,
Vol.I-IV, Netherlands.
3. Smedema, L.K. and F.W., Rycroft.
1983. Land Drainage: Planning and
Design of Agricultural Drainage Systems,
Batsford (BJ) Ltd., Fitzhardinag Street,
London
4. Luthin, M. 1974. Drainage Engineering.
John Willy and Sons.
